Understanding Reflux and GORD: Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

Jan 25,2026
Understanding Reflux and GORD

Understanding Reflux and GORD: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Reflux, commonly known as acid reflux, occurs when stomach acid flows backwards into the oesophagus. This backward movement can cause uncomfortable symptoms, with heartburn being the most well-known.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a more severe and chronic form of reflux. It is estimated to affect around 1 in 5 people in Australia, most commonly those over the age of 40.

If reflux symptoms occur regularly—typically two or more times per week—or begin to impact daily life, it may indicate GORD.

Signs and Symptoms of GORD

GORD can present in a variety of ways. The most common symptom is persistent heartburn, described as a burning sensation in the chest or throat, often worse after eating.

Other possible signs and symptoms include:

  • Regurgitation of food or a sour taste in the mouth
  • Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or pain when swallowing
  • Oesophagitis (inflammation and irritation of the oesophagus)
  • Chronic cough or wheezing
  • Hoarseness or sore throat
  • Bad breath (halitosis)
  • Sensation of a lump in the throat
  • Frequent throat clearing
  • Upper abdominal (epigastric) discomfort or pain
  • Pain between the shoulder blades
  • Chronic neck tension or stiffness
  • Tooth decay or gum irritation
  • Bloating and belching
  • Nausea or occasional vomiting

Symptoms can vary significantly between individuals, and not all digestive symptoms are always present.

Risk Factors and Causes of GORD

Several factors may contribute to the development of GORD or worsen reflux symptoms.

Common risk factors include:

  • Being overweight or living with obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Delayed stomach emptying
  • Smoking

Factors that may aggravate symptoms include:

  • Large meals or lying down soon after eating
  • Eating too quickly
  • Eating close to bedtime
  • Trigger foods such as citrus, tomato, chocolate, peppermint, garlic, onions, or spicy foods
  • Drinks such as alcohol, coffee, tea, or carbonated beverages
  • Exercising soon after eating
  • Stress

Complications of GORD

If left unmanaged, GORD may lead to further complications, including:

  • Oesophagitis – inflammation of the oesophageal lining
  • Oesophageal stricture – narrowing of the oesophagus due to ongoing acid exposure
  • Barrett’s oesophagus – changes in the lining of the oesophagus that may increase the risk of oesophageal cancer
  • Respiratory symptoms – such as chronic cough, asthma-like symptoms, or laryngitis

How is GORD Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is typically made by your GP based on your symptoms and medical history.

If further investigation is needed, tests may include:

  • Oesophageal pH monitoring – measures acid exposure in the oesophagus
  • Upper endoscopy – uses a camera to examine the oesophagus and stomach
  • Oesophageal manometry – assesses muscle function and swallowing coordination
  • Barium swallow X-ray – highlights the oesophagus using a contrast solution

How is GORD Treated?

Initial treatment often focuses on lifestyle modifications, which can significantly reduce symptoms for many people.

Lifestyle approaches may include:

  • Weight management (if indicated) – excess abdominal weight can increase pressure on the stomach and affect lower oesophageal sphincter function
  • Identifying and avoiding trigger foods and drinks
  • Eating smaller, more frequent meals and chewing thoroughly
  • Avoiding food 2–3 hours before lying down or sleeping
  • Sleeping on your left side, which may reduce reflux due to stomach positioning
  • Elevating the head of the bed (~20cm) to reduce nighttime reflux
  • Stopping smoking, which can weaken the lower oesophageal sphincter and worsen symptoms

Medical Management

If lifestyle changes are not sufficient, your GP may recommend medication.

Common options include:

  • Antacids – neutralise stomach acid and provide short-term relief (available over the counter)
  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) – reduce acid production in the stomach and are typically used short-term (usually 4–8 weeks)

In more severe or persistent cases, or where a hiatal hernia is present, surgery may be considered. This is generally reserved for individuals who do not respond to conservative or medical management, or who prefer long-term alternatives to medication.

When to Seek Medical Advice

If you suspect you may have GORD, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

 

Support for ongoing reflux

If you are experiencing persistent constipation or difficulty with bowel function, a more individualised approach may help.

At Topaz Health, visceral osteopathy offers a gentle, hands-on approach that supports the abdomen, digestive system, and nervous system to improve overall gut function.

You can learn more or book an appointment online.

 
Sources
Cart (0 items)